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[3](https://www.smclinic-ryazan.ru/about/diseases/melanoma/). Но иногда опухоль формируется и в труднодоступных зонах — на слизистых оболочках, под ногтевыми пластинами или даже внутри глаза [3](https://www.smclinic-ryazan.ru/about/diseases/melanoma/). \n\nГлавная опасность меланомы — её высокая агрессивность: опухоль быстро распространяется и даёт метастазы в лимфоузлы, лёгкие, печень, мозг и другие органы [1](https://www.mos-clinics.ru/diseases/melanoma/).\n\n\n\n## Причины\nПричины развития меланомы до конца не изучены, но выявлены некоторые факторы риска [1](https://www.mos-clinics.ru/diseases/melanoma/): \n* чрезмерное воздействие ультрафиолетового излучения, включая солнечное и искусственное (солярий) [1](https://www.mos-clinics.ru/diseases/melanoma/); \n* светлая кожа, повышенная чувствительность к солнцу, частые солнечные ожоги [1](https://www.mos-clinics.ru/diseases/melanoma/); \n* наличие большого количества родинок (невусов), особенно атипичных и крупных [1](https://www.mos-clinics.ru/diseases/melanoma/); \n* наследственная предрасположенность — если у родственников был рак кожи, риск увеличивается [1](https://www.mos-clinics.ru/diseases/melanoma/); \n* ослабленный иммунитет, например, после тяжёлых заболеваний, химиотерапии или при ВИЧ [1](https://www.mos-clinics.ru/diseases/melanoma/); \n* длительное воздействие химических веществ, обладающих канцерогенным действием [1](https://www.mos-clinics.ru/diseases/melanoma/).\n\n## Симптомы\nНекоторые симптомы меланомы: \n* изменение формы, цвета и размеров родинки [1](https://www.mos-clinics.ru/diseases/melanoma/); \n* появление асимметрии и неровных границ [1](https://www.mos-clinics.ru/diseases/melanoma/); \n* ощущение зуда, жжения или боли в области образования [1](https://www.mos-clinics.ru/diseases/melanoma/); \n* кровоточивость, появление язв на поверхности [1](https://www.mos-clinics.ru/diseases/melanoma/); \n* формирование новых тёмных пятен на коже, которые быстро увеличиваются в размерах [1](https://www.mos-clinics.ru/diseases/melanoma/). \n\nПри появлении любого из этих признаков следует незамедлительно обратиться к врачу [1](https://www.mos-clinics.ru/diseases/melanoma/).\n\n## Диагностика\nДиагностикой меланомы занимается онколог или онкодерматолог [10](https://www.ckbran.ru/cure/onkologia/melanoma-kozhi). Некоторые методы: \n* **Дерматоскопия** — осмотр подозрительного пигментного образования с большим увеличением [11](https://napopravku.ru/articles/diseases/melanoma/). \n* **Биопсия** — забор ткани для гистологического анализа [1](https://www.mos-clinics.ru/diseases/melanoma/). \n* **Лабораторные анализы** — выявление онкомаркеров [1](https://www.mos-clinics.ru/diseases/melanoma/). \n* **КТ и МРТ** — для оценки наличия метастазов [1](https://www.mos-clinics.ru/diseases/melanoma/).\n\n## Лечение\nВыбор лечения зависит от стадии заболевания и общего состояния пациента [1](https://www.mos-clinics.ru/diseases/melanoma/). Некоторые методы: \n* **Хирургическое удаление** — основная тактика на ранних стадиях [1](https://www.mos-clinics.ru/diseases/melanoma/). \n* **Иммунотерапия** — использование препаратов, активирующих иммунную систему [1](https://www.mos-clinics.ru/diseases/melanoma/). \n* **Таргетная терапия** — воздействие на молекулы, ответственные за рост опухоли [1](https://www.mos-clinics.ru/diseases/melanoma/). \n* **Лучевая терапия** — применяется при метастазах или невозможности операции [1](https://www.mos-clinics.ru/diseases/melanoma/). \n* **Химиотерапия** — используется в поздних стадиях заболевания [1](https://www.mos-clinics.ru/diseases/melanoma/). \n\n**Прогноз** зависит от стадии, на которой выявлена меланома [1](https://www.mos-clinics.ru/diseases/melanoma/). Если болезнь обнаружена на раннем этапе, пятилетняя выживаемость превышает 90% [1](https://www.mos-clinics.ru/diseases/melanoma/). 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