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Специалист занимается диагностикой, лечением и профилактикой патологий почек, а также даёт рекомендации по образу жизни [4](https://nrcerm.ru/patient-guide/services-and-procedures1/nephrology-consultation/)[7](https://penza.medguard.ru/otdeleniya/nefrologiya/ambulatornoe-lechenie-u-nefrologa/).\n\n\n\n## Заболевания\nВ компетенцию нефролога входят острые и хронические патологии почек [3](https://lit-clinic.ru/services/nefrolog/). Некоторые из них: \n* **Пиелонефрит** (острый и хронический) — воспаление почечной ткани и чашечно-лоханочной системы, чаще вызванное бактериальной инфекцией [7](https://penza.medguard.ru/otdeleniya/nefrologiya/ambulatornoe-lechenie-u-nefrologa/). \n* **Гломерулонефрит** — воспаление почечных клубочков, часто после перенесённых инфекций [7](https://penza.medguard.ru/otdeleniya/nefrologiya/ambulatornoe-lechenie-u-nefrologa/). Может протекать остро или переходить в хроническую форму [7](https://penza.medguard.ru/otdeleniya/nefrologiya/ambulatornoe-lechenie-u-nefrologa/). \n* **Нефропатии** — поражения почек, вызванные другими заболеваниями — диабетом, гипертонией, интоксикацией [7](https://penza.medguard.ru/otdeleniya/nefrologiya/ambulatornoe-lechenie-u-nefrologa/). \n* **Мочекаменная болезнь** — образование камней в почках и мочевыводящих путях, постепенное снижение функции почек, часто на фоне хронических болезней [7](https://penza.medguard.ru/otdeleniya/nefrologiya/ambulatornoe-lechenie-u-nefrologa/). \n* **Поликистоз почек** — наследственное заболевание, при котором в почках формируются множественные кисты [7](https://penza.medguard.ru/otdeleniya/nefrologiya/ambulatornoe-lechenie-u-nefrologa/). \n* **Цистит и уретрит (при вовлечении почек)** — воспаление мочевого пузыря или уретры, которое может подниматься выше и поражать почки [7](https://penza.medguard.ru/otdeleniya/nefrologiya/ambulatornoe-lechenie-u-nefrologa/).\n\n## Диагностика\nДля уточнения диагноза нефролог может назначить: \n* **Лабораторные исследования** — общий анализ мочи, биохимический анализ крови (креатинин, мочевина, электролиты) [1](https://doct.ru/articles/nefrolog.html)[9](https://premium-clinic.ru/kakie-metody-diagnostiki-primenyayutsya-v-nefrologii/)[10](https://Medgorod-clinic.ru/stati/obsledovaniepriboleznyakhpochekanalizyidiagnostika/). \n* **Инструментальные методы** — ультразвуковое исследование (УЗИ), компьютерная томография (КТ) и магнитно-резонансная томография (МРТ) [9](https://premium-clinic.ru/kakie-metody-diagnostiki-primenyayutsya-v-nefrologii/)[10](https://Medgorod-clinic.ru/stati/obsledovaniepriboleznyakhpochekanalizyidiagnostika/). \n* **Биопсию почки** — позволяет получить образец почечной ткани для микроскопического исследования [10](https://Medgorod-clinic.ru/stati/obsledovaniepriboleznyakhpochekanalizyidiagnostika/).\n\n## Лечение\nЛечение подбирается индивидуально и может включать: \n* **Медикаментозную терапию** — антибиотики, противовоспалительные, гипотензивные препараты [5](https://www.OnClinic.ru/konsultatsiya-nefrologa/). \n* **Диетотерапию** — ограничение соли, белка, жидкости [5](https://www.OnClinic.ru/konsultatsiya-nefrologa/). \n* **Физиотерапевтические процедуры** [5](https://www.OnClinic.ru/konsultatsiya-nefrologa/). \n* **Динамическое наблюдение** — регулярные визиты для контроля состояния, корректировки терапии, профилактики обострений [7](https://penza.medguard.ru/otdeleniya/nefrologiya/ambulatornoe-lechenie-u-nefrologa/). \n* **Направление на диализ или трансплантацию почки** при тяжёлых формах почечной недостаточности [5](https://www.OnClinic.ru/konsultatsiya-nefrologa/).\n\n## Рекомендации по образу жизни\nНефролог может давать рекомендации по питанию, образу жизни, питьевому режиму [7](https://penza.medguard.ru/otdeleniya/nefrologiya/ambulatornoe-lechenie-u-nefrologa/). 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